Chemistry and Biochemistry
2015-16 General Catalog
Chemistry and Biochemistry Department
230 Physical Sciences Building
(831) 459-4125
http://chemistry.ucsc.edu
Physical and Biological Sciences Undergraduate Affairs
142 Jack Baskin Engineering Building
(831) 459-4143
http://undergrad/pbsci.ucsc.edu/index.html
Lower-Division Courses
1A. General Chemistry. F,W,S
First quarter of an integrated study of general chemistry. Covers a range of topics including the atomic structure of matter; molecules; chemical reactions; acids and bases; gases; and equilibria in the gas and liquid phase. Students expected to use algebra to solve problems. Prerequisite(s): Previous or concurrent enrollment in MATH 3 (or equivalent), or a mathematics placement score of 300 or higher; taking the online chemistry self-assessment exam is strongly recommended. (General Education Code(s): SI, IN, Q.) R. Roland, S. Rubin, G. Millhauser
1B. General Chemistry. F,W,S
Second quarter of an integrated study of general chemistry. Coverage includes quantum mechanics; the hydrogen atom; many-electron atoms and chemical periodicity; elementary covalent bonding; transition metals; and chemical kinetics. Prerequisite(s): Strong high school level chemistry is strongly recommended; taking the online chemistry self-assessment examination is strongly recommended. Concurrent enrollment in course 1M is recommended. (General Education Code(s): IN, Q.) J. Zhang, G. Millhauser, R. Bogomolni
1C. General Chemistry. F,W,S
Third quarter of an integrated study of general chemistry. Coverage includes thermodynamics; oxidation-reduction and electrochemistry; liquids and solids; intermolecular forces and solutions, including colligative properties; and nuclear chemistry. Prerequisite(s): course 1A. Concurrent enrollment in course 1N is required. (General Education Code(s): IN, Q.) P. Weiss
1M. General Chemistry Laboratory (2 credits). F,W,S
Laboratory sequence illustrating topics covered in courses 1B and 1C and important experimental techniques. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): Previous or concurrent enrollment in course 1B is required. R. Roland, P. Weiss
1N. General Chemistry Laboratory (2 credits). F,W,S
Laboratory sequence illustrating topics covered in courses 1B-1C, respectively, and important experimental techniques. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): Concurrent enrollment in course 1C is required. R. Roland
99. Tutorial. F,W,S
Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff
99F. Tutorial (2 credits). F,W,S
Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff
Upper-Division Courses
103. Biochemistry. W
Introduction to biochemistry including biochemical molecules, protein structure and function, membranes, bioenergetics, and regulation of biosynthesis. Provides students with basic essentials of modern biochemistry. Students who plan to do advanced work in biochemistry and molecular biology should take the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BIOC) 100 series. Students cannot receive credit for this course after they have completed any two courses from the BIOC 100A, 100B, and 100C sequence. Prerequisite(s): course 108B. M. Stone
108A. Organic Chemistry. F,W
Introduction to organic chemistry, with an emphasis on bonding and reactivity or organic compounds. Prerequisite(s): courses 1B and 1C. R. Lokey, J. Konopelski
108B. Organic Chemistry. W,S
Introduction to organic chemistry, with an emphasis on reactivity and synthesis of organic compounds. Prerequisite(s): course 108A. C. Binder, B. Singaram
108L. Organic Chemistry Laboratory (2 credits). F,W
Laboratory experience in organic chemistry associated with course 108A. Designed to introduce the student to the many techniques associated with organic chemistry while affording an opportunity to explore the concepts discussed in the lecture material. Laboratory: 4 hours, lecture: 1-1/4 hours. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 1C and 1N and previous or concurrent enrollment in 108A is required. C. Binder
108M. Organic Chemistry Laboratory (2 credits). W,S
Laboratory experience in organic chemistry associated with course 108B. Designed to introduce the student to the many techniques associated with organic chemistry while affording an opportunity to explore the concepts discussed in the lecture material. Laboratory: 4 hours, lecture: 1-1/4 hours. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 108A and 108L and previous or concurrent enrollment in 108B is required. C. Binder
109. Intermediate Organic Chemistry and Applications to Biology (3 credits). S
Integrated study of fundamental organic chemistry, with emphasis on materials especially relevant to biological sciences. Prerequisite(s): course 108B or equivalent. C. Binder
110. Intermediate Organic Chemistry with Emphasis on Synthesis and Analytical Methods. S
An intermediate study of organic chemistry, including synthetic methods, reaction mechanisms, and application of synthetic chemistry techniques. Prerequisite(s): course 108B. Enrollment restricted to chemistry majors, minors and proposed majors. J. Raskatov
110L. Intermediate Organic Chemistry Laboratory (2 credits). S
Laboratory experience in organic chemistry and associated principles. Experiments involve the preparation, purification, characterization, and identification of organic compounds, and make use of modern as well as classical techniques. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): course 108M and previous or concurrent enrollment in course 110. Enrollment restricted to chemistry majors and minors. C. Binder
122. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. F
A laboratory course designed to develop familiarity with techniques and instrumentation used in analytical chemistry, emphasizing determination of trace inorganic species. Primary emphasis on applications utilizing the absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation and on voltammetry. Topics include molecular UV-visible absorption and fluorescence spectrometry; atomic absorption, emission and fluorescence spectrometry; and various forms of voltammetry. Lecture: 2 hours; laboratory: 8 hours. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): course 110 and satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements. Enrollment is restricted to senior chemistry (B.S.) majors. (General Education Code(s): W.) P. Mascharak
143. Organic Chemical Structure and Reactions. F
Advanced topics such as the chemistry of terpenes, steroids, synthetic polymers, alkaloids, reactive intermediates, and reaction mechanisms are treated. Lecture: 4 hours. Prerequisite(s): course 110. B. Singaram
146A. Advanced Laboratory in Organic Chemistry (3 credits). F
Exposes students to advanced laboratory techniques in organic chemistry. Designed for students without previous research background in organic chemistry. Experiments carry a research-like format and cover the areas of natural products and reaction chemistry. Modern methods of organic analysis are emphasized including chromatographic methods and organic structure determination by spectroscopy. Laboratory: 8 hours. Students billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 110/L; satisfaction of Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements. Enrollment restricted to chemistry majors. Minors by permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 16. C. Binder
146B. Advanced Laboratory in Inorganic Chemistry (3 credits). S
Designed to expose students to advanced synthetic and spectroscopic techniques in inorganic chemistry. Examples include anaerobic manipulations, characterization of inorganic materials through spectral assignments and synthesis of coordination and organometallic complexes. Lecture: 1-1/4 hours; laboratory: 8 hours. Students billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 151A/L; 163A; satisfaction of Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements. Enrollment restricted to chemistry majors. Minors by permission of instructor. T. Holman
146C. Advanced Laboratory in Physical Chemistry (3 credits). S
Provides advanced laboratory experience in the areas of nanomaterial synthesis and characterization; spectroscopy; fabrication and measurements energy-conversion devices; and soft lithography techniques and instrumentation. Lecture: 1-1/4 hours; laboratory: 4 hours. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 163B and 164; satisfaction of Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements. Enrollment restricted to chemistry majors. Minors by permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 20. Y. Li
151A. Chemistry of Metals.
Fundamental topics of inorganic chemistry are presented at the level of the standard texts of field. Special emphasis is given to maintain breadth in the areas of metallic, nonmetallic, and biological aspects of inorganic chemistry. Lecture: 3-1/2 hours; discussion: 1-1/4 hours. Prerequisite(s):courses 108B/M and 163A. Concurrent enrollment in course 151L required. Enrollment restricted to chemistry majors and minors; other majors by permission of instructor. T. Holman
151B. Chemistry of the Main Group Elements. S
Fundamental aspects of inorganic chemistry of main group elements are discussed. The emphasis is placed on the chemistry of nontransition elements including noble gases and halogens. In addition, students are exposed to the concepts of extended structures, new materials, and solid-state chemistry. Lecture: 3-3/4 hours. Prerequisite(s): courses 110, 110L, and 163A. Recommended for chemistry majors. P. Mascharak
151L. Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory (2 credits). W
Laboratory experience in inorganic chemistry. Experiments involve the preparation, purification, and characterization of inorganic compounds. In addition, experiments are designed to illustrate fundamental principles in inorganic chemistry and are coordinated with lectures in course 151A. Laboratory: 4 hours per week. Laboratory lecture: 1 1/4 hours per week. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s):courses 108B/M and 163A. Concurrent enrollment in course 151A required. Enrollment restricted to chemistry majors and minors; other majors by permission of instructor. T. Holman
156C. Advanced Topics in Inorganic Chemistry. *
Advanced topics in inorganic chemistry and an introduction to solid state chemistry. Synthesis and structure of materials discussed as well as their influence on properties for modern devices and applications. Recent developments in area of material science also explored. Taught in conjunction with course 256C. Prerequisite(s): course 151A. Enrollment restricted to seniors. S. Oliver
163A. Quantum Mechanics and Basic Spectroscopy. F
A detailed introduction to quantum theory and the application of wave mechanics to problems of atomic structure, bonding in molecules, and fundamentals of spectroscopy. Prerequisite(s): courses 1B and 1C, Physics 5A-B-C or 6A-B-C and Mathematics 22 or 23B. Physics 6C can be taken concurrently. Y. Li
163B. Chemical Thermodynamics. W
Fundamentals of thermodynamics and applications to chemical and biochemical equilibria. (Formerly Thermodynamics and Kinetic Theory.) Prerequisite(s): courses 1B and 1C, Physics 6A or 5A, and Math 22 or 23B. S. Chen
163C. Kinetic Theory and Reaction Kinetics, Statistical Mechanics, Spectroscopic Applications. S
Introduction to statistical mechanics, kinetic theory, and reaction kinetics and topics in spectroscopy. Prerequisite(s): courses 163A and 163B. A. Ayzner
164. Physical Chemistry Laboratory. W
Provides laboratory experience and data analysis in the areas of thermodynamics, kinetics, and spectroscopy. Lecture: 1.75 hours; experimental laboratory: 4 hours; computer laboratory: 2 hours. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 1B and 1C; and Physics 5A and Physics 5B and Physics 5C, or Physics 6A and Physics 6B and Physics 6C; and Mathematics 22 or Mathematics 23B. Course 163A is recommended. A. Ayzner
169. Chemistry and Biology of Drug Design and Discovery. S
An overview of the central elements of drug discovery, including target selection and validation; computational or virtual screening; high-throughput screening; fragment-based methods; and pharmacokinetics. Prerequisite(s): course 103 or Biochemistry 100A. R. Lokey
170. Drug Action and Development. *
Lectures and case studies explore principles and approaches in drug discovery and development, emphasizing concepts in pharmacology; medicinal chemistry; and genomics- and bioinformatics-based approaches to drug discovery to illustrate pathways from discovery through development for clinical use. Cannot receive credit for this course and course 270. (Formerly Frontiers in Drug Action and Discovery.) (Also offered as Biomolecular Engineering 170. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): Biology 100 or Chemistry 103 or Biochemistry 100A. Biology 110 and 130/L or 131/L are recommended. Enrollment restricted to juniors and seniors. D. Smith, T. Holman, M. Camps, R. Linington, P. Berman
182. ACE Program Service Learning (2 credits). F
Students participate in training and development to co-facilitate collaborative learning in ACE chemistry discussion sections and midterm/exam review sessions. Students are role models for students pursuing science- and math-intensive majors. Prerequisite(s): Prior participation in ACE; good academic standing; no non-passing grades in prior quarter. Enrollment restricted to sophomores, juniors, and seniors. Enrollment limited to 10. (General Education Code(s): PR-S.) N. Cox-Konopelski
194. Senior Essay. F,W,S
An individually supervised course with emphasis on reviewing the current scientific literature. Students are required to submit a summary and a critique of a scientific paper in the form of a senior essay. Students submit a petition to the sponsoring agency. This course may not be repeated for credit. The Staff
195A. Senior Research. F,W,S
An individually supervised course with emphasis on independent research. Multiple-term course extending over two or three quarters; the grade and evaluation submitted for the final quarter apply to all previous quarters. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency; may not be repeated for credit. The Staff
195B. Senior Research. F,W,S
An individually supervised course with emphasis on independent research. Multiple-term course extending over two or three quarters; the grade and evaluation submitted for the final quarter apply to all previous quarters. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency; may not be repeated for credit. The Staff
195C. Senior Thesis. F,W,S
An individually supervised course with emphasis on independent research. Multiple-term course extending over two or three quarters; the grade and evaluation submitted for the final quarter apply to all previous quarters. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency; may not be repeated for credit. (Formerly Senior Research.) The Staff
199. Tutorial. F,W,S
Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff
199F. Tutorial (2 credits). F,W,S
Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff
Graduate Courses
200A. Advanced Biochemistry: Biophysical Methods. F
An introduction to the theory, principles, and practical application of biophysical methods to the study of biomolecules, especially proteins and nucleic acids. Emphasis on spectroscopic techniques. Topics include magnetic resonance, optical spectroscopy, fast reaction techniques, crystallography, and mass spectrometry. S. Rubin
200B. Advanced Biochemistry: Macromolecular Structure and Function. W
A detailed discussion of nucleic acid and protein chemistry, ranging from the structure, thermodynamics, and folding to the relationship between structure and function, and encompassing the methods used to determine such information. (Formerly Advanced Biochemistry: Protein Structure and Function.) N. Sgourakis
200C. Advanced Biochemistry: Enzyme Mechanisms and Kinetics. *
A study of enzyme kinetics, mechanisms, and factors involved in enzymic catalysis. Lecture: 3-1/2 hours. (Formerly course 231, Enzyme Mechanisms and Kinetics.) W. Scott
230. Grant Writing in Biomedical Research. S
Introduces the fundamentals of grant writing in biomedical research, including best practices for presentation of data and communication of research findings. Students write and peer-edit most components of the NIH Ruth L. Kirschstein F31 predoctoral fellowship. Enrollment is restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 16. C. Partch
234. Bioinorganic Chemistry. *
The role played by transition metals in biological systems is discussed through application of the principles of coordination chemistry and inorganic spectroscopy. Topics include metalloproteins involved in oxygen binding, iron storage, biological redox reactions, and nitrogen fixation, as well as metal complexes of nucleic acids. Lecture: 4 hours. Prerequisite(s): courses 151A/L, 163A; and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A. P. Mascharak
238. Topics in Biophysical Chemistry. *
A discussion of the application of selected topics in biophysical chemistry to contemporary problems in biochemistry and molecular biology. Lecture: 3-1/2 hours. Offered in alternate academic years. C. Partch
242A. Modern Physical Organic Chemisty. W
Covers molecular structure and bonding, strain, and non-covalent binding forces. Other topics include acid-base chemistry, kinetics, thermodynamics, catalysis, organic reactions and mechanism, and quantum mechanical approaches to the analysis of organic molecules. Enrollment restricted to seniors who have taken course 143, and graduate students. J. Raskatov
242B. Modern Synthetic Methods in Organic Chemistry. F
Presents concepts in bond formation, conformation, selectivity, and stereocontrol in modern organic synthesis. Focuses on understanding reaction mechanisms. Culminates with strategy in designing multi-step synthesis of complex targets. Enrollment restricted to seniors who have taken course 143, and graduate students. R. Braslau
242C. Spectroscopy and Applied Analytical Methods. *
Presents strategies in organic structure elucidation, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry. Provides theory and practical elements of structure elucidation and modern analytical methods for organic molecules. Enrollment restricted to seniors who have taken course 143, and graduate students. The Staff
246. Advanced Topics in Organic Chemistry. *
A graduate course covering advanced topics in organic chemistry. Topics vary from year to year. The Staff
255. Biotechnology and Drug Development. W
Recommended for students interested in careers in the biopharmaceutical industry. Focuses on recombinant DNA technology and the drug-development process, including discovery research; preclinical testing; clinical trials; and regulatory review, as well as manufacturing and production considerations. Students may not receive credit for this course and Biomolecular Engineering 155 and Biology 179. (Also offered as Biomolecular Engineering 255. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 15. P. Berman
256A. Advanced Topics in Inorganic Chemistry. *
Advanced topics in inorganic chemistry are presented. Topics covered vary from year to year, and are announced in advance. Possible topics include A) organometallic chemistry; B) structural methods in inorganic chemistry; C) solid-state chemistry. Prerequisite(s): courses 151A/L and 146B or graduate standing. The Staff
256B. Advanced Topics in Inorganic Chemistry. *
Advanced topics in inorganic chemistry are presented. Topics covered vary from year to year, and are announced in advance. Possible topics include A) organometallic chemistry; B) structural methods in inorganic chemistry; C) solid-state chemistry. Prerequisite(s): courses 151A/L and 146B or graduate standing. T. Holman
256C. Advanced Topics in Inorganic Chemistry. *
Advanced topics in inorganic chemistry are presented. Topics covered vary from year to year, and are announced in advance. Possible topics include A) organometallic chemistry; B) structural methods in inorganic chemistry; C) solid-state chemistry. Prerequisite(s): courses 151A/L and 146B or graduate standing. S. Oliver
256D. X-ray Crystallography. *
Course in chemical crystallography focuses on the needs of small-molecule, single-crystal diffraction studies. Includes diffraction theory, space-group analysis, data collection, structure solution, and refinement. Practical component: use of diffraction equipment and solution/refinement software. Enrollment restricted to graduate students and seniors who have taken courses 151A, 151L, and 163A. The Staff
261. Foundations of Spectroscopy. *
The basic theory of time dependent processes is covered at an advanced level. The interaction of electromagnetic radiation and matter is described using both semiclassical and quantum field formulations. A variety of modern spectroscopic techniques are discussed both in terms of the basic processes and their use in the elucidation of chemical structure and dynamics. Prerequisite(s): course 163A. Offered in alternate academic years. J. Zhang
262. Statistical Mechanics. S
Theory and concepts of statistical mechanics with applications to ideal gases, condensed systems, phase transition, and non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Lecture: 3-1/2 hours. Prerequisite(s): course 160B or 163A. Offered in alternate academic years. I. Benjamin
263. Quantum Mechanics. *
A rigorous introductory course: the Schrödinger equation, operator formalism, matrix mechanics, angular momentum, and spin. Perturbation and other approximate methods. Applications to atomic and molecular problems. Lecture: 3-1/2 hours. Prerequisite(s): courses 163A and Physics 114A-B. Offered in alternate academic years. The Staff
265. Computer Simulation in Statistical Mechanics. *
A detailed introduction of the use of computer simulation methods in physical and biophysical chemistry. Includes review of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics, and Monte-Carlo methods. Applications to liquid structure, reaction dynamics, and protein dynamics. Offered in alternate academic years. I. Benjamin
266. Advanced Topics in Physical Chemistry. *
A graduate course covering advanced topics in physical chemistry. Topics vary from year to year. The Staff
266A. Lasers and Their Chemical Applications. *
Introduces the basic theoretical principles of lasers and laser light. Various types of lasers and selected applications to chemistry are discussed. The use of lasers in photochemistry, spectroscopy, chemical kinetics, and chemical analysis is considered. Lecture: 3-1/2 hours. Prerequisite(s): course 163A and Physics 114A-B. Offered in alternate academic years. May be repeated for credit. The Staff
268. Solid State and Materials Chemistry. *
Topics include synthesis of solid-state materials and their characterization using experimental techniques: XRD, TEM spectroscopy, NMR, and their applications in technologies. Emphasis on new materials, e.g., polymer, biopolymers, nanomaterials, organic/inorganic composites, ceramics, superconductors, electronic, magnetic, and opto-electronic materials. Prerequisite(s): courses 163A and 163B. Enrollment restricted to senior and graduate chemistry majors. Y. Li
269. Electrochemistry. S
Designed to introduce basic principles and applications of electrochemistry to students at upper undergraduate and lower graduate levels in various fields including analytical, physical, and materials chemistry. Enrollment restricted to seniors and graduate students. R. Lokey
270. Drug Action and Development. *
Lectures and case studies explore principles and approaches in drug discovery and development, emphasizing concepts in pharmacology; medicinal chemistry; and genomics- and bioinformatics-based approaches to drug discovery to illustrate pathways from discovery through development for clinical use. Cannot receive credit for this course and course 170. (Formerly Frontiers in Drug Action and Discovery.) (Also offered as Biomolecular Engineering 270. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students. D. Smith, T. Holman, M. Camps, R. Linington, P. Berman
274. Proseminar in Synthetic and Polymer Chemistry. F,W,S
Weekly meetings devoted to study of synthetic organic chemistry and controlled polymer design for applications in nanotechnology. Topics drawn from current literature and research interests of participants. May be repeated for credit. R. Braslau
275. Proseminar in Biological Inorganic Chemistry. F,W,S
Weekly meetings devoted to biological inorganic chemistry and biochemistry. Topics are drawn from current literature. Papers and reviews are discussed, and participants give short seminars on their research interests. May be repeated for credit. T. Holman
280. Proseminar in Materials Chemistry. F,W,S
Weekly meetings devoted to materials and inorganic research. Topics are drawn from current literature. Papers and reviews are discussed. Participants also give short seminars on topics of their research interests. May be repeated for credit. S. Oliver
282. Proseminar: Synthetic Methods. F,W,S
Weekly meetings devoted to the study of asymmetric and/or enantio-selective synthesis of optically active organic compounds of biological and medicinal significance. Topics drawn from the current literature and the research interests of the participants. May be repeated for credit. B. Singaram
284. Proseminar in Synthetic Organic Chemistry. F,W,S
Weekly meetings devoted to the study of synthetic organic chemistry. Topics drawn from the current literature and the research interests of the participants. May be repeated for credit. J. Konopelski
285. Proseminar: Photobiochemistry and Photobiology. F,W,S
A detailed study of molecular mechanisms of light energy conversion and light-signal transduction processes in biological systems. Student participation in critical discussion of current literature examples are emphasized. Two-hour lecture and two-hour seminar weekly. Enrollment limited to 8. May be repeated for credit. R. Bogomolni
286. Proseminar in Natural Products Chemistry. F,W,S
Weekly meetings devoted to the study of natural products. Topics drawn from the current literature and research interests of the participants. May be repeated for credit. P. Crews
288. Proseminar in Bioinorganic Chemistry. F,W,S
Weekly meetings devoted to inorganic and bioinorganic research. Topics are drawn from current literature. Papers and reviews are discussed. Participants also give short seminars on topics of their research interests. May be repeated for credit. P. Mascharak
291. Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Seminar. F,W,S
A weekly chemistry and biochemistry seminar series covering recent developments and current research, led by experts from other institutions, as well as local speakers. Open to chemistry and biochemistry graduate students. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. May be repeated for credit. The Staff
292. Seminar (2 credits). F
Enrollment restrictions: graduate standing or approval of the graduate adviser. J. Raskatov
296. Teaching Chemistry (2 credits). F
University-level pedagogy in chemistry; examines the role of preparation, assessment, and feedback in teaching chemistry discussion and laboratory sections. Effective classroom techniques and organizational strategies discussed; oral presentations analyzed critically. Required of entering chemistry graduate students. R. Roland
297. Independent Study. F,W,S
A topic will be studied with faculty tutorial assistance to satisfy a need for the student when a regular course is not available. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff
299. Thesis Research. F,W,S
Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. The Staff
Revised: 09/01/15
